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It is as if there were a natural law which ordained that to achieve this end； to refine the curve of a piece of furniture； or a ship's keel； or the fuselage of an airplane； until gradually it partakes of the elementary purity of the curve of 'a human breast or shoulder； there must be the experimentation of several generations of craftsmen。 In anything at all； perfection is finally attained not when there is no longer anything to add； but when there is no longer anything to take away； when a body has been stripped down to its nakedness。
It results from this that perfection of invention touches hands with absence of invention； as if that line which the human eye will follow with effortless delight were a line that had not been invented but simply discovered； had in the beginning been hidden by nature and in the end been found by the engineer。 There is an ancient myth about the image asleep in the block of marble until it is carefully disengaged by the sculptor。 The sculptor must himself feel that he is not so much inventing or shaping the curve of breast or shoulder as delivering the image from its prison。
In this spirit do engineers； physicists concerned with thermodynamics； and the swarm of preoccupied draughtsmen tackle their work。 In appearance； but only in appearance； they seem to be polishing surfaces and refining away angles； easing this joint or stabilizing that wing； rendering these parts invisible； so that in the end there is no longer a wing hooked to a framework but a form flawless in its perfection； pletely disengaged from its matrix； a sort of spontaneous whole； its parts mysteriously fused together and resembling in their unity a poem。
Meanwhile； startling as it is that all visible evidence of invention should have been refined out of this instrument and that there should be delivered to us an object as natural as a pebble polished by the waves； it is equally wonderful that he who uses this instrument should be able to forget that it is a machine。
There was a time when a flyer sat at the center of a plicated works。 Flight set us factory problems。 The indicators that oscillated on the instrument panel warned us of a thousand dangers。 But in the machine of today we forget that motors are whirring： the motor； finally； has e to fulfil its function； which is to whirr as a heart beats…and we give no thought to the beating of our heart。 Thus； precisely because it is perfect the machine dissembles its own existence instead of forcing itself upon our notice。
And thus； also； the realities of nature resume their pride of place。 It is not with metal that the pilot is in contact； Contrary to the vulgar illusion； it is thanks to the metal； and by virtue of it； that the pilot rediscovers nature。 As I have already said； the machine does not isolate man from the great problems of nature but plunges him more deeply into them。
Numerous； nevertheless； are the moralists who have attacked the machine as the source of all the ills we bear； who； creating a fictitious dichotomy； have denounced the mechanical civilization as the enemy of the spiritual civilization。
If what they think were really so； then indeed we should have to despair of man； for it would be futile to struggle against this new advancing chaos。 The machine is certainly as irresistible in its advance as those virgin forests that encroach upon equatorial domains。 A congeries of motives prevents us from blowing up our spinning mills and reviving the distaff。 Gandhi had a try at this sort of revolution： he was as simple…minded as a child trying to empty the sea on to the sand with the aid of a tea…cup。
It is hard for me to understand the language of these pseudo…dreamers。 What is it makes them think that the ploughshare torn from the bowels of the earth by perforating machines； forged； tempered； and sharpened in the roar of modern industry； is nearer to man than any other tool of steel？ By what sign do they recognize the inhumanity of the machine？
Have they ever really asked themselves this question？ The central struggle of men has ever been to understand one another； to join together for the mon weal。 And it is this very thing that the machine helps them to do！ It begins by annihilating time and space。
To me； in France； a friend speaks from America。 The energy that brings me his voice is born of dammed…up waters a thousand miles from where he sits。 The energy I burn up in listening to him is dispensed in the same instant by a lake formed in the River Yser which； four thousand miles from him and five hundred from me； melts like snow in the action of the turbines。 Transport of the mails； transport of the human voice； transport of flickering pictures … in this century as in others our highest acplishments still have the single aim of bringing men together。 Do our dreamers hold that the invention of writing； of printing； of the sailing ship； degraded the human spirit？
It seems to me that those who plain of man's progress confuse ends with means。 True； that man who struggles in the unique hope of material gain will harvest nothing worth while。 But how can anyone conceive that the machine is an end？ It is a tool。 As much a tool as is the plough。 The microscope is a tool。 What disservice do we do the life of the spirit when we analyze the universe through a tool created by the science of optics； or seek to bring together those who love one another and are parted in space？
〃Agreed！〃 my dreamers will say； 〃but explain to us why it is that a decline in human values has acpanied the rise of the machine？〃 Oh； I miss the village with its crafts and its folksongs as much as they do！ The town fed by Hollywood seems to me； too； impoverished despite its electric street lamps。 I quite agree that men lose their creative instincts when they are fed thus without raising a hand。 And I can see that it is tempting to accuse industry of this evil。
But we lack perspective for the judgment of transformations that go so deep。 What are the hundred years of the history of the machine pared with the two' hundred thousand years of the history of man？ It was only yesterday that we began to pitch our camp in this country of l